CALCAREA CARBONICA

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Calcarea Carbonica, derived from the middle layer of the oyster shell, is a cornerstone in homeopathic medicine.

This remarkable remedy, first proved by the founder of homeopathy, Samuel Hahnemann, is known for its profound constitutional effects.

It is commonly referred to as Calcarea or Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃) in the homeopathic materia medica.

Key Features and Indications

Calcarea Carbonica is a polychrest remedy, meaning it has a broad spectrum of applications and is one of the most frequently used remedies in homeopathy.

It is especially effective for individuals with a “chalky” complexion, as described by Dr. Margaret Lucy Tyler, a prominent figure in homeopathy.

Tyler notes several characteristic traits of Calcarea Carbonica individuals:

  • Fatness without Fitness: Calcarea patients often appear overweight and flabby, yet lack physical strength and fitness.
  • Sweating without Heat: They experience excessive sweating, particularly on the head, even in the absence of heat.
  • Bones without Strength: There is a tendency towards bone weakness and deformities, reflecting poor calcium metabolism.
  • Tissues of Plus Quantity and Minus Quality: Their tissues are bulky and flabby, indicating a lack of structural integrity and vitality.
  • Weariness and Weakness: Persistent fatigue and a general sense of weariness are common, reflecting their overall weakened constitution.
CALCAREA CARBONICA

SOURCE INFORMATION

Origin and Natural Habitat
  • Oyster Shell Source: The middle layer of the oyster shell is chosen for its high concentration of calcium carbonate.
  • Oysters are bivalve mollusks that thrive in marine environments, particularly in coastal regions where they attach themselves to rocks or other hard surfaces in the ocean.
Calcium Carbonate Composition
  • This mineral is essential for the oyster’s shell structure, providing strength and protection.
  • The middle layer is specifically selected because it represents the balance between the outer hard layer and the inner more flexible layer, embodying both resilience and adaptability.
Preparation Process

Collection: The oyster shells are carefully collected from their natural habitat. The middle layer, which contains the highest concentration of calcium carbonate, is separated for use.

Triturating: The collected material undergoes a process called trituration.

This involves grinding the calcium carbonate to a fine powder, then systematically diluting and potentizing it according to homeopathic principles.

Potentization: Through successive dilutions and vigorous shaking (succussion), the substance is transformed into a potent homeopathic remedy.

This process enhances its therapeutic properties while eliminating any toxic effects of the raw material.

Interesting Facts
  • Symbolism of the Oyster Shell: The oyster shell’s ability to create pearls from irritants parallels the remedy’s capability to help individuals transform stress and vulnerabilities into strength and resilience.
  • Historical Use: Long before its adoption in homeopathy, calcium carbonate from natural sources like oyster shells has been used in traditional medicine for its soothing and healing properties.

SPHERES OF ACTION

Calcarea carbonica primarily affects the following systems in the body:

Bones
  • Action: Calcarea carb. has a profound effect on bone health and development.
  • Symptoms: It can lead to softening and bending of bones, which is indicative of conditions like rickets in children.
  • Manifestations: Bone deformities, exostoses (bony growths), and delayed closure of fontanelles in infants.
Glands
  • Action: It affects the glandular system, leading to various glandular disorders.
  • Symptoms: Swelling of glands and the formation of abscesses within deep muscles.
  • Manifestations: Enlarged lymph nodes, thyroid issues, and other glandular swellings.
Blood
  • Action: It causes alterations in the composition of the blood.
  • Symptoms: This can manifest as anemia or other blood disorders.
  • Manifestations: General weakness, paleness, and a tendency to develop infections easily.
Skin
  • Action: Calcarea carb. influences the skin, often resulting in increased perspiration.
  • Symptoms: Excessive sweating, particularly on the head and during sleep.
  • Manifestations: Eczema, chronic skin conditions, and susceptibility to infections and inflammations.
Mind
  • Action: It has significant effects on the mental and emotional state.
  • Symptoms: Anxiety, apprehension, fearfulness, and melancholy.
  • Manifestations: Symptoms of depression, forgetfulness, confusion, and timidity.
Female Genital Organs
  • Action: Calcarea carb. impacts the female reproductive system.
  • Symptoms: Menstrual irregularities and other gynecological issues.
  • Manifestations: Heavy menstrual bleeding, pain during menstruation, and other reproductive health concerns.

PATHOGENESIS

The pathogenesis of Calcarea carbonica involves nutritional impairment and metabolic disruptions affecting various organs, especially the bones and skin.

Impairment in Nutrition
  • Effect: Calcarea carb. leads to deficiencies in calcium metabolism, which is crucial for bone health and overall cellular functions.
  • Symptoms: Weakness in bones, poor development, and susceptibility to infections due to nutritional deficiencies.
Alteration in Blood Composition
  • Effect: Changes in the blood’s makeup, leading to conditions like anemia and increased susceptibility to infections.
  • Symptoms: General weakness, frequent infections, and slow healing processes.
Increased Perspiration
  • Effect: Excessive sweating is a notable symptom, often occurring locally or generally.
  • Symptoms: Profuse sweating, particularly on the scalp and during sleep, leading to discomfort and potential skin issues.
Swelling of Glands
  • Effect: Calcarea carb. causes glandular swellings and abscess formation in deep tissues.
  • Symptoms: Swollen lymph nodes, thyroid issues, and frequent abscesses, particularly in muscles.
Softening and Bending of Bones
  • Effect: This is a direct result of calcium deficiency and poor nutritional absorption.
  • Symptoms: Conditions like rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults, and other bone deformities.
Formation of Polypi and Exostoses
  • Effect: Calcarea carb. can lead to the development of benign growths such as polyps and bony outgrowths.
  • Symptoms: Nasal polyps, bone spurs, and other similar growths causing discomfort and potential functional impairments.

CONSTITUTION

Calcarea carbonica is well-suited to individuals with a “leucophlegmatic” constitution, characterized by a tendency towards pale and phlegmatic qualities.

Body Composition

  • Appearance: Typically, fair-skinned, fatty, and flabby individuals.
  • Fatigue: Easily fatigued, especially on exertion such as walking.
  • Sweating: Sweats profusely, particularly with a sour odour emanating from the body.
  • Tendency to Obesity: Prone to becoming overweight, especially during youth.
  • Movement: Moves slowly due to fatigue and lethargy.

Baby’s Make-up

  • Physical Features: Babies tend to grow fat with a chalky appearance, a red face, and a large belly resembling an inverted saucer.
  • Head: Large head with open fontanelles and sutures.
  • Muscles and Skin: Muscles are flabby, skin is pale and soft, and bones are underdeveloped.
  • Sweating: Sweats easily, especially on the back of the head and neck.
  • Glandular Swelling: May experience swollen glands.

Relation with Heat and Cold

  • Chilly: Generally, feels cold and is prone to catching cold easily.

Miasm and Diathesis

KEY CHARACTERISTICS

Sensitive to Cold

  • Easily catches colds, often has chronic coryza (nasal inflammation) linked to a Psoric (chronic skin disease) origin.
  • Cannot tolerate cold, especially during acute stages (use Belladonna in such cases).

Tendency to Gain Weight

  • Prone to becoming overweight, corpulent, and unwieldy.

Sweating

  • Characteristic profuse sweating, especially on the head while sleeping, soaking the pillow.
  • Sweats mostly on the back of the head, neck, chest, and upper body.
  • Sweat may be localized to specific parts like the head, scalp, neck, chest, armpits, sexual organs, hands, palms, knees, feet, soles, etc., often with coldness and a sour smell.
  • Feet may become raw from perspiration, with blisters and an offensive odour.

General Coldness

  • Feels cold in general and in specific parts like the head, stomach, abdomen, feet, and legs, as if wearing cold, damp stockings.
  • Continuously cold in bed and dislikes cold open air; sensitive to cold, damp air, and easily catches cold.

Constipation

  • Feels better when constipated, requiring mechanical removal of stool (similar to Aloe, Sepia, Silicea, Thuja).

Polypi and Exostosis

  • Effective remedy for growths like polyps and bone spurs.

Magnetism

  • Desires to be magnetized (like Phosphorus and Silicea).

Sour Smelling Discharges

  • All body discharges (vomit, diarrhea, sweat, eructations) have a sour smell; the whole body may have a sour odour (similar to Magnesia Carbonica, Hepar, Rheum).

Cravings and Aversions

  • Strong craving for eggs, especially during illness or recovery.
  • Desires indigestible things (similar to Alumina, Nitric Acid, Cina, Cicuta, Psorinum).
  • Aversion to meat (similar to Graphitis, Alumina, Pulsatilla, Muriatic Acid).
  • Longs for fresh air when indoors, which refreshes and strengthens them (similar to Pulsatilla, Sulphur).

Causes of Ailments

  • Ailments may stem from poor nutrient absorption, incomplete bone formation, suppressed sweat, alcohol, cold moist wind, self-abuse, over-lifting, mental strain, loss of vital fluids, suppressed eruptions, suppressed menstruation, suppressed foot-sweat, or fright.
CALCAREA CARBONICA

DETAILED ORGAN SYMPTOMS

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILE OF CALCAREA CARBONICA INDIVIDUAL

Dependency and Timidity
  • Seeking Protection: Calcarea individuals have a strong need for security and protection from those around them. This need can manifest as an over-reliance on family, friends, or caregivers for support and guidance.
  • Avoidance of Solitude: They often avoid being alone, fearing isolation and the lack of a support system. This dependency reflects an underlying insecurity and fear of facing challenges independently.
  • Timidity: A pronounced sense of timidity is evident, characterized by a pervasive sense of impending danger or evil. This fear can be irrational but deeply felt, leading to avoidance of new or unfamiliar situations.
Desire for Magnetization
  • Need for Guidance: There is a pronounced desire to be guided or controlled by others. This need for direction helps them feel secure and reassured.
  • Deferment in Medical Decisions: In medical settings, they often defer decision-making to healthcare providers, reflecting their dependency and desire for external validation and guidance.
Protective Shell and Avoidance of Risk
  • Building a Protective Shell: To feel secure, they construct a metaphorical protective shell around themselves, preferring familiar and safe environments where they can control variables.
  • Avoiding Adventure and Risk: They tend to avoid adventurous or risky activities, seeking comfort in the known and familiar. They often surround themselves with individuals who provide a sense of protection and safety.
Intense Fears and Phobias
  • Fear of Poverty, Pain, and Suffering: Calcarea individuals are plagued by intense fears, including fears of poverty, pain, and suffering. These fears can be debilitating and interfere with daily functioning.
  • Specific Phobias: They may also have specific phobias, such as fear of fire or certain animals, particularly rats. These fears can be irrational but are deeply ingrained and challenging to overcome.
Indifference and Withdrawal
  • Withdrawal When Unprotected: If they cannot find the protection they crave, they may become indifferent and withdrawn. This withdrawal serves as a defense mechanism against the perceived threats of the outside world.
  • Engagement in Repetitive Activities: In their indifference, they might engage in repetitive or meaningless activities, providing a semblance of control and routine in their lives.
Response to Change and Loss of Security
  • Challenges with Change: Significant changes in their environment or a loss of security, such as moving away from home or experiencing marital discord, can lead to feelings of being lost and unprotected.
  • Heightened Vulnerability: These changes can heighten their sense of vulnerability and insecurity, making them more reliant on their coping mechanisms and support systems.
Fear and Apprehension
  • Great Apprehension: Calcarea carb. individuals often experience significant anxiety and unease, particularly as the day progresses towards evening. This growing sense of dread can make nighttime particularly challenging.
  • Specific Fears: They harbor deep fears of the dark, fearing the unknown and what it might conceal. They also worry about losing their sanity, facing misfortune, and developing chronic illnesses, reflecting a profound sense of vulnerability.
  • Fear of Losing Control: There is a persistent anxiety about losing control over their thoughts and actions, coupled with a fear of being observed while in a state of confusion. This concern can lead to heightened self-consciousness and social anxiety.
Forgetfulness and Confusion
  • Forgetfulness and Confusion: Individuals tend to be forgetful and often find themselves in a state of confusion. This mental cloudiness can interfere with daily activities and responsibilities.
  • Melancholy: A pervasive sense of sadness and melancholy is common, often accompanied by palpitations and anxiety. This emotional state can lead to a diminished interest in life and activities once enjoyed.
Restlessness and Irritability
  • Restless Mind: A restless and unsettled mind is typical, often resulting in a gloomy mood and persistent anxiety. The constant mental activity can be exhausting and overwhelming.
  • Irritability and Obstinacy: They may become peevish, stubborn, and self-willed. This irritability is often coupled with a strong aversion to work and a general sense of dissatisfaction with life’s demands.
Vulnerability and Coping Mechanisms
  • Coping Mechanisms: To cope with their vulnerabilities, they may weep, seek constant reassurance, or narrate their symptoms to others. This behavior is a plea for the support and protection they desperately need.
  • Extreme Cases: In extreme cases, they may exhibit symptoms resembling other remedies like Stramonium or Rhus toxicodendron, depending on their coping strategies and life circumstances. This symptom overlap highlights the complexity of their psychological state and the need for careful, individualized treatment.
CALCAREA CARBONICA

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

MOUTH

  • Sour Taste: The patient often experiences a sour taste in the mouth.
  • Thirst: There is a significant thirst, especially in the afternoon.
  • Toothache: The toothache occurs only while eating and is made worse by both hot and cold stimuli, and it tends to be more painful in the evening.
  • Bad Breath: The breath has a putrid and offensive smell.

STOMACH

  • Swelling: The area at the pit of the stomach is swollen, resembling an inverted saucer, and is very painful when pressed.
  • Cravings: There is a strong craving for non-food items like chalk, coal, pencil, and salt (similar to symptoms seen in conditions treated with Alumina, Cina, Cicuta, Nitric acid, and Psorinum).
  • Desire for Eggs: The patient has a great longing for eggs, particularly during times of sickness or recovery.
  • Aversion to Certain Foods: There is a dislike for meat, fat, and milk, which tend to disagree with the patient.
  • Acidity: The digestive tract exhibits high acidity, leading to frequent sour burps, vomiting, and stools.
  • Loss of Appetite: When the patient is tired and overworked, there is a complete loss of appetite, accompanied by pain in the upper abdomen, which is very tender to touch. These symptoms worsen after eating and when pressure is applied to the stomach.

ABDOMEN

  • Pot-Bellied: The abdomen appears swollen and rounded, like a pot-belly, and is very sensitive to even slight pressure.
  • Liver Pain: The liver area is very painful, and the pain worsens when the patient bends forward.
  • Swollen Glands: The glands in the groin (inguinal) and those in the abdominal region (mesenteric) are swollen and painful.
  • Fat Deposition: There is increased fat deposition in the abdomen, leading to noticeable distension and hardness.

STOOL

  • Constipation: The patient usually suffers from constipation and feels better in general when constipated.
  • Occasional Diarrhea: There may be occasional bouts of diarrhea, especially in children during teething periods.
  • Stool Characteristics: The stool is often white and has a sour smell.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

NOSE

  • Symptoms: Frequent sneezing without a cold, and dry nasal passages with much sneezing.
  • Cause: Exposure to cold.
  • Aggravation: Symptoms worsen with exposure to cold.
  • Concomitant Symptoms: These nasal issues can be associated with or followed by a violent headache.

THROAT

  • Cause: Symptoms arise from exposure to cold.
  • Hoarseness: Painless hoarseness that is worse in the morning.
  • Comparison: Worse in the evening: Carbo veg., Phos., Hepar sulph. (with splinter-like sensation), Causticum (with soreness or rawness).
  • Pain: Stitching pain in the throat during swallowing.
  • Uvula: Dark red with vesicles.

COUGH

  • Cause: Triggered by exposure to cold, standing on damp surfaces, or working in cold water (e.g., modellers or workers in cold clay).
  • Sensation: Feeling as if dust or a plug is in the throat.
  • Character of Cough
    • Dry and tickling.
    • Occurs in single paroxysms (Merc. sol., Puls. for 2 paroxysms; Cuprum met., Stannum for 3 paroxysms).
    • Sputa is yellow and tastes sweet, often ejected in pieces resembling pus, sometimes blood-stained.
  • Aggravation: Worse in the evening and night, and aggravated by eating and playing the piano.
  • Concomitants: Stitching pain in the chest with the cough.

BRONCHIAL ASTHMA

  • Symptoms: Severe anxious asthma with difficulty breathing (dyspnoea) and stitching pains in the chest. Tension in the lower chest, hot breath, and heat in the mouth but no thirst.
  • Aggravation: Worse in the morning, forenoon, and by sitting.

TUBERCULOSIS

  • Use: Effective in pretubercular conditions and for tubercular lung affections in tall, slender, rapidly growing young people.
  • Affected Area: Typically affects the upper third of the right lung (Ars. for upper left, Sulphur).

FEMALE SYMPTOMS

MENSES

Calcarea carbonica is an excellent remedy for menstrual troubles with the following indications:

  • Menarche: Suitable for women whose first menstruation began at an early age.
  • Timing: Menstruation occurs too early.
  • Quantity: Typically, too profuse, but can sometimes be scanty or suppressed.
  • Duration: Periods last too long, often followed by a period of amenorrhea (absence of menstruation).
  • Character of Blood: Bright red.
  • Aggravation: Even the least mental excitement can cause a profuse return of menstrual flow.
Concomitant Symptoms

Before Menses

  • Habitually cold and damp feet, as if wearing cold damp stockings.
  • Constantly feeling cold in bed.
  • Voluptuous dreams.
  • Headaches the day before menstruation, accompanied by chills in the evening and colic throughout the night.

During Menses

  • Vertigo with a rush of blood to the head and heat on the top of the head (vertex).
  • Nausea, sometimes with vomiting.
  • Tenesmus (a feeling of needing to pass stools or urine).

After Menses

  • Pinching colic once menstruation ceases.

Leucorrhoea

  • Women needing Calcarea carbonica may also experience milky white but acrid leucorrhoea (vaginal discharge).
  • Effective for treating leucorrhoea in young children as well (similar to Caulophyllum).

Other Conditions

  • Uraemia and Related Diseases: Conditions brought on by standing on cold, damp pavements or working while standing in cold water (common in modellers or workers in cold clay) can be treated effectively with Calcarea carbonica.

BONE SYMPTOMS

Calcarea carbonica exhibits notable bone symptoms, especially in rickety children.

Bone Weakness and Slow Development

  • Bones are soft, weak, and develop very slowly.
  • Unable to support the weight of a bulky, flabby body, leading to curvatures, particularly in the spine and long bones.
  • Extremities are often crooked and deformed with irregular bone development.
  • Pathological fractures, especially in long bones, are common.
  • Children learn to walk late due to weak bones.
  • Large head with fontanelles and sutures that remain open longer than usual, indicating delayed ossification.
  • Teeth emerge late, leading to difficult and delayed dentition.
  • Bones lack sufficient calcium and phosphorus.

Caries of Vertebrae

  • Calcarea carbonica is considered superior in treating caries of the vertebrae.
Specific Cases

Old Man

  • Suffering from fatty degeneration of the heart, experiencing palpitation and dyspnea with minimal exertion.
  • Pyaemic state with cold abscesses in deep muscles.

Young Man

  • Rapid growth with tubercular infiltration, especially in the upper lobe of the right lung.
  • Accompanied by other characteristic symptoms of Calcarea carbonica.

Young Girl

  • Rapid growth leading to anemia and chlorosis.
  • Exhibits characteristic menstrual symptoms and general constitutional features, including profuse sweating with coldness.

BABY

Physical Characteristics

  • Fair complexion, with a fatty and flabby build.
  • Red face and flabby muscles.
  • Large head and a swollen abdomen that resembles an inverted saucer.

Skeletal Development

  • Bones develop slowly and are weak.
  • Fontanelles and sutures on the skull remain open for an extended period, indicating delayed ossification.
  • Curvatures are observed in bones, particularly in the spine and long bones, leading to crooked and deformed extremities.
  • Late walking due to weak bones.

Dental Development

  • Dentition is difficult and delayed, with teeth emerging late.

Gastrointestinal Symptoms

  • Tendency towards constipation, but may experience sour, offensive diarrhea during teething, accompanied by sour vomiting.
  • Body and excretions emit a sour odour.

Developmental Milestones

  • Milestones such as walking and tooth eruption are delayed.

Mental and Emotional Characteristics

  • May exhibit mental deficiency and appear somewhat intellectually impaired.

Sweating Pattern

  • Sweats profusely, especially on the back of the head, neck, chest, and upper body, notably during sleep, wetting the pillow.

Health Susceptibility

  • Prone to colds and has a predisposition to tuberculosis, with enlarged glands.

Desire for Magnetization

  • Shows a desire to be magnetized, similar to the symptom observed in individuals requiring Phosphorus.

GENERAL MODALITIES

Aggravation
  • Exposure to cold air, wet weather, and cold water.
  • Washing and mornings.
  • During the full moon.
Amelioration

WHAT ARE MODALITIES IN HOMOEOPATHY?

RELATION WITH OTHER DRUGS

Antidotes

Antidoted by

Complementary Remedies

  • Belladonna: Calcarea is the chronic of Belladonna and complements it. However, Belladonna should not be used before Sulphur.
  • Sulphur: Calcarea acts best after Sulphur and should not be used before it.

When treating with these homeopathic remedies, their order and relationship are important:

Sulphur First

Why: Sulphur is often used to prepare the body and address underlying issues. It sets a foundation that makes the subsequent remedies more effective.

Sequence Note: Always use Sulphur before the other two remedies for optimal results.

Belladonna Second

Why: Belladonna can be used for immediate, acute symptoms that arise after the initial treatment with Sulphur. However, it should not be used before Sulphur, as it could interfere with Sulphur’s foundational work.

Sequence Note: Do not use Belladonna before Sulphur.

Calcarea Third

Why: Calcarea is considered a long-term (chronic) remedy. It works on deeper, ongoing issues and complements the acute relief provided by Belladonna.

Sequence Note: Calcarea should be used after Sulphur for the best results, and it complements the acute actions of Belladonna.

Repetition Guidelines

  • Calcarea should not be repeated frequently. In children, it can be repeated in low potency.

Followed Well By

Follows Well

  • Chamomilla (Cham.), Conium (Con.), Cuprum (Cup.), Nitric acid (Nit. ac.), Nux vomica (Nux.), Pulsatilla (Puls.), Sulphur.

Incompatible: Bryonia (Bry.)

Additional Notes

  • Sulphur has heat in patches, while Calcarea has cold in patches. According to Kent, Calcarea also has sweat in patches.
  • Calcarea helps in the growth and cure of polyps.
  • Calcarea babies are often prone to having worms.
Comparative Remedies
  • Lime-Water (Aqua Calcar.): Used in milk as an injection for oxyuris vermicularis.
  • Slaked Lime (Calc. Caust.): For pain in back, heels, jaws, and malar bones; symptoms of influenza.
  • Calcium Bromide (Calc. Brom.): For removing inflammatory products from the uterus, especially in nervous and irritable children with gastric and cerebral irritation, and insomnia.
  • Calcined Oyster-Shell (Calcar. Calcinata): A remedy for warts.
  • Toasted Egg-Shells (Calcarea Ovorum): For backache and leucorrhoea, and feelings of extreme tiredness.
  • Calcium Lactate (Calcar. Lactic.): For anaemia, haemophilia, urticaria, nervous headache with oedema of eyelids, lips, or hands.
  • Calcium Lacto-Phosphate (Calc. Lacto-Phosph.): Used in cyclic vomiting and migraines.
  • Calcium Chloride (Calc. Mur.): For boils, vomiting of all food and drink with gastric pain, impetigo, glandular swellings, and eczema in infants.
  • Calcium Picrate (Calc. Picrata): For chronic boils, styes, and dry scurfy accumulation on parts thinly covered with muscle tissue.

HOMOEOPATHIC POTENCIES AND DOSAGE GUIDELINES

  • Calcarea Carbonica is administered in various potencies, each tailored to the individual’s needs and the specific symptoms presented.
  • The most common potencies used are the sixth trituration (6X), thirtieth potency (30C), and higher potencies.
Special Considerations for Elderly Patients

Frequency of Repetition: In elderly patients, Calcarea Carbonica should not be repeated too frequently. Older individuals often have a slower response to remedies and are more sensitive to their effects.

Potency Selection: For elderly patients, starting with lower potencies and gradually increasing, if necessary, is advisable.

This cautious approach helps avoid any undue aggravation of symptoms.

Monitoring: Regular follow-up and careful monitoring are essential to adjust the dosage and frequency based on the patient’s response and improvement.

2 thoughts on “CALCAREA CARBONICA”

  1. Dr K Alamarselvan (MD Hom ),

    Respected sirs,

    The content of the topics are very good and excellent. I really appreciate your efforts made by you. I have gone through all the topics which you have arranged properly.

    My suggestion is to add the refference books you made for the topics will be useful for students and practitioners.

    Thank you,

    With Regards
    Dr K Alamarselvan

  2. Hello, Dr. K Alamarselvan, Happy to hear from you.
    Regarding your suggestion, there is a wide range of reference sources are collected, used and modified to justify the content and making them easy to understand specially for students so, its technically difficult to trek the original source. Thank you.
    Have a great day.

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