2ND BHMS PATHOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY, AND PARASITOLOGY QUESTION BANK (NEW SYLLABUS 2022-2023 ONWARDS)

Hey future doctors! 🎓 Preparing for your 2nd BHMS exams? This question bank covers all important Pathology, Microbiology, and Parasitology topics as per the new syllabus (2022-2023 onwards).

This guide includes high-yield questions, chapter-wise breakdown, and expert tips to help you study efficiently and score high in your university exams.

Let’s dive in! 🚀

All the questions are given under their related chapters.

FQ: Full Question
SFQ: Semi Full Question
SN: Short Note

Number of papers – 02

Marks: Paper 1-100 marks; Paper 2-100 marks.

Paper-1

Section A: General Pathology – 50 marks
Section B: Systemic Pathology – 50 marks

Paper- 2

Section A:

Bacteriology – 25 marks

Fungi and Parasites – 25 marks

Section B:

Virology – 20 marks

Clinical Microbiology and Diagnostic procedures – 10 marks

Microbiological control and mechanism of pathogenicity – 10 marks

General Topics and Immuno-pathology – 10 marks.

2ND BHMS NEW SYLLABUS 2022-2023: SUBJECTS, EXAM PATTERN, AND STUDY TIPS FOR BHMS STUDENTS

2ND YEAR BHMS EXAM PATTERN (2022-2023) – COMPLETE GUIDE WITH SUBJECT-WISE MARKS & STUDY TIPS

Table of Contents

GENERAL PATHOLOGY

1. CELL INJURY AND ADAPTATION

FQ: Cell death.
FQ: Cell injury- etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, and mechanism of cell injury.
FQ: Define necrosis- describe Co-Agulation necrosis in detail.
FQ: Gangrene: etiology, pathogenesis and types.
FQ: Types of cell injury, describe reversible and irreversible cell injury in detail.
SFQ: Mechanism of cell injury.
SN: Apoptosis.
SN: Atrophy.
SN: Cloudy swelling/ Hydrophic changes of cell injury.
SN: Diabetic foot.
SN: Fatty liver.
SN: Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia.
SN: Metaplasia
SN: Pathological calcification/ Metastatic calcification.

2. INFLAMMATION, HEALING AND REPAIR

FQ: Define chronic inflammation. Write down granulomatous inflammation in detail.
FQ: What is Inflammation? Write down the cellular events of acute inflammation.
SFQ: Wound repair- write down the mechanism of healing and factors influencing it.
SN: Phagocytosis.
SN: Healing by primary intension.
SN: Chemical mediators of inflammation.
SN: Chronic granulomatous inflammation.
SN: Ghon complex.

3. AMYLOIDOSIS

FQ: What is amyloidosis? Write down the staining characteristics of amyloids.
SN: Amyloid changes in kidney.
SN: Staining characteristics of amyloid.

HAEMODYNAMIC DISEASES

THROMBOSIS

FQ: What is thrombosis? Write down Virchow’s triad ion detail.
SN: Complications of thrombosis.
SN: Morphology of thrombi.
SN: Endothelial injury in thrombosis.
SN: Factors predisposing thrombosis.
SN: Fate of thrombosis.

EMBOLISM

SN: Air embolism.
SN: Decompression sickness.

HAEMORRHAGE

SN: classification of haemorrhage.

OEDEMA AND ISCHEMIA

FQ: Oedema-write down difference between cardiac and renal oedema.
FQ: What is oedema? Describe clinical classification of oedema.
SN: Define ischemia, it’s effects and etiology in detail.
SN: Difference: Transudate and Exudate.
SN: Non-inflammatory causes of oedema.
SN: Pulmonary oedema.
SN: Starling’s law.

INFARCTION

FQ: Define infarction, what are the factors affecting it, what are the types of infarction? Write down morphology and pathology of it.

SHOCK

FQ: Define shock. What are the causes and types of shock? Write down the clinical features of shock.
SN: Etiopathogenesis of shock.
SN: Irreversible shock.
SN: Stages of shock (pathophysiology).

NEOPLASM

FQ: Describe neoplasm in detail. Explain spread of malignant tumour.
FQ: Describe neoplasm with difference between benign and malignant tumour.
SN: Grading and staging of neoplasm
SN: Metastasis- spread, grading and stages.
SN: Miasmatic evaluation of malignant tumour.
SN: Tumour markers.
SN: Various routes of administration of malignant tumour.

6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND NUTRITIONAL DISEASES

SN: Effects of radiation
SN: Hypothermia
SN: Korsakoff’s syndrome
SN: Mountain sickness and sea sickness
SN: Obesity
SN: Osteomalacia
SN: Protein energy malnutrition
SN: Rickets
SN: Starvation
SN: Vitamin B1 deficiency/ Beri-Beri
SN: Vitamin B12 deficiency
SN: Wernicke’s encephalopathy

GENETIC DISORDERS

FQ: Describe chromosomal abnormalities in detail.
FQ: Describe genetic disorders in detail.
FQ: Disorders affecting sex chromosomes.
SN: Difference between autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant disorders.
SN: Down’s syndrome
SN: Klinefelter’s syndrome
SN: Monogenetic disorders
SN: Turner’s syndrome

8. HOMOEOPATHY AND PATHOLOGY

FQ: Define Miasm, it’s concept and pathological concern with example.
FQ: Rheumatic heart disease and it’s Miasmatic evaluation
FQ: What is neoplasia? What are the homoeopathic Miasmatic interpretation of neoplasm?
SN: Bronchial asthma and its Miasmatic evaluation
SN: Hypertension and it’s Miasmatic evaluation
SN: Importance of pathology in homoeopathy.
SN: Miasm and pathology
SN: Miasmatic evaluation of diabetes mellitus.
SN: Ulcerative colitis and it’s Miasmatic evaluation.

SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY

1. HAEMATOLOGY

FQ: Anaemia- types, classification and laboratory investigations. With megaloblastic anaemia in detail.
FQ: Bone marrow examination, identification, methods, and significance in detail.
SN: Blood indices.
SN: E.S.R.
SN: Eosinophilia.
SN: Iron deficiency anaemia.
SN: Peripheral blood smear examination.
SN: Pernicious anaemia.
SN: Purpura

2. DISORDERS OF PLATELETS AND BLEEDING DISORDERS

SN: ABO system.
SN: Blood transfusion reactions.
SN: BT and CT.
SN: Classical haemophilia.
SN: Haemolytic disease of new born/ Erythroblastosis foetalis.

3. DISORDERS OF LYMPHOCYTES AND LYMPHORETICULAR TISSUES

SN: Acute leukaemia.
SN: Chronic leukaemia.
SN: Leukemoid reactions.
SN: Lymphocytosis.

4. THE BLOOD VESSELS AND LYMPHATICS

FQ: Define atherosclerosis, describe its morphology, etiology and pathogenesis in detail.
SN: Aneurysms.
SN: Hyperlipidaemia.
SN: Raynaud’s disease and Raynaud’s phenomenon.
SN: Takayasu’s arteritis.
SN: Temporal (Giant cell) arteritis.

5. THE HEART

FQ: Bacterial endocarditis.
FQ: Myocardial infarction- morphology of transmural myocardial infarction.
FQ: Rheumatic heart disease.
SN: Acute pericarditis.
SN: Angina pectoris.
SN: Aschoff body.
SN: Brown atrophy of heart
SN: Hypertension.
SN: Mitral stenosis.
SN: Rheumatic fever.
SN: Risk ratio of heart disease.
SN: Serum enzyme in myocardial infarction.

6. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

SN: Bronchial asthma.
SN: Bronchiectasis.
SN: Brown induration of lung.
SN: Chronic bronchitis.
SN: Difference between extrinsic and intrinsic asthma.
SN: Difference between primary and secondary tuberculosis.
SN: Lobar pneumonia.
SN: Primary tuberculosis.

7. GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

FQ: Carcinoma of stomach.
FQ: IBD (Irritable bowel disease) with types of ulcerative colitis.
FQ: Inflammatory bowel disease in detail.
FQ: Peptic ulcer.
FQ: Ulcerative colitis with Miasmatic evaluation.
FQ: Ulcers-various types with their healing methods.
SN: Ascites.
SN: Dental caries.
SN: Difference between Gastric and Duodenal ulcers.
SN: Difference between Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.
SN: Enteric fever
SN: Gastrointestinal polyps.

8. LIVER

FQ: Cirrhosis of liver.
FQ: Hepatitis B virus.
FQ: Jaundice with causes in detail.
SN: Amoebic liver abscess/ Hepatic amoebiasis.
SN: Bile pigments.
SN: Hydatid cysts.
SN: Liver function tests.
SN: Nutmeg liver.
SN: Van Den Bergh Reaction.
SN: Viral hepatitis.

9. EXCRETORY SYSTEM

FQ: Acute glomerulonephritis.
FQ: Acute renal failure.
FQ: Chronic renal failure.
SN: Diabetes mellitus.
SN: Glucose tolerance test.
SN: Proteinuria.
SN: Renal cell carcinoma
SN: Renal function tests.
SN: Renal threshold.
SN: Wilm’s tumour.

10. ENDOCRINOLOGICAL DISORDERS

FQ: Pathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
SN: Complications of diabetes mellitus.
SN: Goitre.

11. MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

SN: Teratoma of ovary.
SN: Toxic shock syndrome.
SN: Infertility.
SN: Breast inflammation and tumour.
SN: Gynaecomastia (Hypertrophy of male breast).

12. MUSCULO SKELETAL SYSTEM

SN: Rheumatoid arthritis.
SN: Gout.

13. SOFT- TISSUE TUMOURS

FQ: Tumours of adipose tissue
SN: Fibromatosis
SN: Fibrosarcoma
SN: Lipoma
SN: Synovial sarcoma

14. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

FQ: Ischaemic brain damage
SN: Alzheimer’s disease
SN: Cerebral infarction
SN: Germ cell tumours
SN: Hydrocephalus
SN: Meningitis
SN: Parkinsonism
SN: Wallerian degeneration

MICROBIOLOGY

1. IDENTIFICATION AND CULTIVATION OF BACTERIA

FQ: Describe in detail the classification and characteristics of culture media.
SN: Enriched media
SN: Enrichment media
SN: Inoculation
SN: Selective media
SN: ZN Stain

2. BACTERIAL STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND METABOLISM

FQ: Describe in detail morphological features and staining reactions of bacteria.
SN: Bacterial capsule/ Glycocalyx
SN: Bacterial cell wall
SN: Bacterial spores/ Endospores
SN: Difference between Gram +Ve and Gram -Ve bacteria.
SN: Flagella
SN: Gram staining
SN: Staining methods

3. DISINFECTION AND STERILIZATION

FQ: Methods of disinfection
FQ: Physical methods of sterilization.
FQ: Physical methods of sterilization.
FQ: What is disinfection? What are the actions of disinfection? Factors influencing the action of them?
SN: Auto clave
SN: Formaldehyde
SN: Hot air oven
SN: Ideal disinfectant
SN: Incineration
SN: Koch’s Postulates
SN: Loui’s Pasteur
SN: Pasteurisation
SN: Steam sterilization
SN: Sterilization by dry heat method
SN: Testing of disinfection
SN: Tyndallisation
SN: Types of disinfection

4. MEDICALLY IMPORTANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

FQ: Corynebacterium tuberculosis
FQ: Genus Clostridium
FQ: Meningitis
FQ: Mycobacterium Laprae
FQ: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
FQ: Neisseria Gonorrhoea
FQ: Salmonella Typhi
FQ: Spirochetes
FQ: Staphylococci pyogenes
FQ: Streptococci/ Beta-Haemolytic streptococci
FQ: Syphilis-stages, causes and pathogenesis of causative organism.
FQ: Treponema pallidum
FQ: Vibrio Cholerae
SN: Bacterial food poisoning
SN: Botulism

5. FUNGI AND PROTOZOA

FQ: E. Histolytica
FQ: Kala azar (ref: Leishmania Donovani)
FQ: Leishmania Donovani
FQ: Malarial parasite
FQ: Plasmodium Vivex
FQ: Trichomonas vaginalis
SN: Ague cake spleen
SN: Black water fever (ref: Plasmodium falciparum)
SN: Chagas disease (ref: American trypanosomiasis)
SN: Difference between Bacillary dysentery and Amoebic dysentery.
SN: Plasmodium Falciparum
SN: Sleeping sleekness (ref: African sleeping sleekness/ Trypanosomiasis)

6. HELMINTHS

FQ: Ascaris Lumbricoides (ref: Nematode)
FQ: Difference between T. Solium and T. Saginata.
FQ: Taenia Solium (ref: Tapeworm/ Cestode)
FQ: Wuchereria Bancrofti (ref: Nematode)
SN: Enterobius Vermicularis (ref: Nematode)
SN: Filariasis occult
SN: Larva migrans
SN: Liver fluke/ Fascicola hepati
SN: Micro filariae
SN: Pathogenesis of Ancylostoma duodenale
SN: Round worm
SN: Schistosoma Haematobium (ref: Trematode)
SN: Thread worm and hook worm in detail.

7. VIROLOGY

SN: Dengue fever
SN: General characteristics of viruses
SN: Hepatitis virus
SN: Herpes virus
SN: HIV virus
SN: Influenza virus
SN: Morphology of bacteriophage
SN: Mumps
SN: Negri bodies
SN: Oncogenic virus
SN: Replication of virus
SN: Small pox virus
SN: Viral encephalitis
SN: Viral multiplication

8. IMPORTANT LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS

SN: Abnormal colours of urine and its importance.
SN: ASO titre (for streptococcal A bacteria)
SN: Casoni’s test
SN: CSF examination
SN: ELISA TEST (for HIV)
SN: HCV (for Hepatitis C)
SN: Laboratory investigation for kala-azar (L. Donovani)
SN: Laboratory investigation of Filariasis (Round worm parasite).
SN: Laboratory investigation of Hook Worm infection.
SN: Mantoux test (for Tuberculosis)
SN: Microscopic examination of urine.
SN: Occult blood in stool
SN: Pathological significance of microscopical examination of stool.
SN: Serological test in Amoebiasis.
SN: Shick test (for Diphtheria)
SN: Sputum examination
SN: Standard test for syphilis (VDRL test)
SN: Venereal disease-lab diagnosis.
SN: Widal reaction (for Typhoid)

9. IMMUNOPATHOLOGY

FQ: Classification of Immunoglobulin
FQ: Immunity- classification with Acquired and Innate immunity.
FQ: Immunity- classification with Antigen-antibody reaction.
FQ: Role of homoeopathy in Immunology
SN: Active and Passive immunity
SN: Anaphylaxis
SN: Antibody
SN: Antigen-antibody reaction
SN: Bence-Jones protein
SN: Complement
SN: Hypersensitivity reaction, classify with examples
SN: IgG
SN: Interferon
SN: Phagocytosis
SN: Reed-Sternberg cell

10. IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS

SN: BCG vaccine
SN: Polio vaccine

Tips to Succeed in 2nd BHMS Exams 🎯

✅ Understand Concepts, Don’t Just Memorize – Focus on pathology mechanisms & microbial pathogenesis.

✅ Solve Previous Year Question Papers – Helps understand the exam pattern.

✅ Use Mnemonics & Flowcharts – Makes microbiology & pathology easier to recall.

✅ Revise Regularly – Go through high-yield topics weekly.

✅ Stay Updated – Keep track of recent advancements in medical microbiology.

Conclusion

This 2nd BHMS Question Bank is designed to help you excel in Pathology, Microbiology, and Parasitology as per the new syllabus (2022-2023 onwards).

It includes frequently asked questions and exam preparation tips to ensure you are well-prepared for your university exams.

Need more questions or explanations? Drop your queries in the comments below! 💬📚

Good luck, and keep learning! 🚀